Injection of sodium hypochlorite into soft tissues of the oral cavity: A literature review with clinical preventive recommendations.

Injection of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution instead of local anaesthetic (LA) solution is an iatrogenic error with serious consequences including medico-legal implications. Such cases have been reported despite recommended precautionary measures. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on such cases and present clinical preventive recommendations. Electronic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, Lilacs, ScienceDirect, and Crossref databases for articles reporting accidental or mistaken or inadvertent injection of NaOCl instead of LA during dental or endodontic treatment. Articles reporting NaOCl accident due to extrusion or injection of NaOCl beyond root confines were excluded. A total of 11 articles were found and reviewed. Data pertaining to the patient, injected NaOCl, cause, clinical manifestations, management, hospitalization, healing and recovery, and long-term or residual effects were extracted, compiled, and analysed for interpretation and discussion. Injection of NaOCl instead of LA into the soft tissues leads to varying clinical manifestations with unpredictable extent, outcome, and recovery period. The onus lies with the clinician to prevent it. Therefore, a clinician must take all the precautionary measures and confirm the identity of LA and NaOCl solutions before delivering them. The presented clinical recommendations assist clinicians to prevent it, including its potential medico-legal consequences. However, in case of such an unfortunate event, it is crucial to immediately identify and quickly manage it to limit the tissue damage or complications.

Evidence-based Standard Operating Procedures FoR the Prevention and Management of Sodium Hypochlorite Accidents in Dentistry.

This article aims to reduce harm and improve patient safety in dentistry by providing evidence-based guidance on the prevention, recognition, management, and reporting of sodium hypochlorite injuries occurring in the course of endodontic dental treatment. In contrast to previous publications all types of sodium hypochlorite harm and near-harm events in the dental setting are considered, to offer the reader an all-encompassing clinical guide for reference.

Tratamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por desinfectantes durante la COVID-19 / Treatment of acute poisoning by disinfectants during COVID-19

Introducción: El uso de productos de limpieza, a expensa de los desinfectantes se ha incrementado por la población mundial como consecuencia de la COVID-19. El manejo frecuente de estas sustancias químicas por las personas puede ocasionar cuadros de intoxicaciones agudas. Esta situación se evidencia en los reportes emitidos por los centros antitóxicos del orbe, donde consta el aumento en el número de consultas toxicológicas. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por desinfectantes durante la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica acerca del tratamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por desinfectantes durante la COVID-19. Se incluyeron artículos escritos en español, inglés y portugués. Además, se abordaron aspectos relacionados con las intoxicaciones agudas por el uso de desinfectantes, el cuadro clínico, así como elementos del diagnóstico y tratamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por estas sustancias químicas. Conclusiones: Las intoxicaciones agudas por hipoclorito de sodio y geles hidroalcohólicos son las más frecuentes en la población durante la COVID-19 en proporción con el uso de estos productos químicos. La atención médica precoz, eficaz y oportuna disminuirá la posibilidad de aparición de complicaciones. El tratamiento de estás intoxicaciones agudas está en relación con los síntomas y signos que presentan los pacientes al ser recibidos en los servicios de urgencia(AU)

Introduction: The use of cleaning products, at the expense of disinfectants, has increased by the world population as a consequence of COVID-19. Frequent handling of these chemical substances by people can cause acute poisoning. This situation is evidenced in the reports issued by the world's anti-toxic centers, where the increase in the number of toxicological consultations is recorded. Objective: To describe the treatment of acute poisoning by disinfectants during COVID-19. Methods: A literature review on the treatment of acute poisoning by disinfectants during COVID-19 was carried out. Articles written in Spanish, English and Portuguese were included. In addition, aspects related to acute poisoning due to the use of disinfectants, the clinical condition, as well as elements of the diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning by these chemical substances were addressed. Conclusions: Acute poisoning by sodium hypochlorite and hydroalcoholic gels are the most frequent in the population during COVID-19 in proportion to the use of these chemical products. Early, effective and timely medical care will reduce the possibility of complications. The treatment of these acute intoxications is related to the symptoms and signs presented by patients when they are received in the emergency services(AU)

The frequency of sodium hypochlorite extrusion during root canal treatment: an observational clinical study.

BACKGROUND: To determine the frequency of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) extrusion and evaluate the outcome of the injury. METHODS: A total of 1123 teeth indicated root canal treatment were included. An open-ended needle was used during/after the instrumentation. Acute burning pain during irrigation was considered as NaOCl extrusion. Negative aspiration was applied for patients with extrusion, and appropriate treatment was planned due to the symptoms. The number of patients who experienced extrusion and symptoms were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), at P < 0.05, was used to compare the data groups. RESULTS: NaOCl extrusion rate was found at 0.89%, and the injury with swelling that differential diagnosis of NaOCl accident caused by extrusion rate was 0.18%. The most common findings besides acute pain, as a sign of extrusion (n = 10), were accompanying apical bleeding (n = 6) and swelling (n = 2). According to the number of visits, a significant correlation was found between the symptoms (P = 0.010). No serious injury such as a neurological sign, tissue necrosis or trismus occurred in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic characteristics of the patients and preoperative condition of teeth were not related to NaOCl extrusion. The increasing number of visits may affect the probability of an accident. Negative aspiration immediately may be crucial in preventing severe injuries.

[STUDY OF URINATION TREATMENT AFTER BCG INTRAVESICAL INSTILLATION THERAPY].

(Background and methods) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical instillation therapy is used to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Instilled BCG is typically collected at the time of initial urination and disposed of after sterilization with 10% sodium hypochlorite or household bleach, however, these methods can have unpleasant effects, such as pungent odor, rapid foaming and fever. We investigated whether isopropanol be used to sterilize and dispose of urine after BCG intravesical instillation therapy, because isopropanol at a concentration of 33% or higher (70% isopropanol was used in this study) has the same disinfectant and bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis as 10% sodium hypochlorite or household bleach. (Results) Use of isopropanol eliminated the unpleasant effects experienced with sodium hypochlorite and no growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was observed in culture tests. (Conclusion) Isopropanol is safer than sodium hypochlorite, and should be considered for sterilizing and disposing of urine after BCG intravesical instillation therapy in the future. However, fire and ventilation precautions are required.

Accidental Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite in a Patient Taking Alendronate: A Case Report With an 8-Year Follow-up.

Extrusion of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a very rare accident with the most common complications including pain, swelling, and hematoma. It can occur even if procedural guidelines, predisposing conditions, and risk factors are taken into consideration. A 59-year-old female patient was admitted to the endodontics department to treat a left maxillary first premolar (World Dental Federation tooth 24). The medical history included osteoporosis and systemic medication with alendronate. Initially, the diagnosis was "symptomatic irreversible pulpitis" with "normal apical tissues." During instrumentation of the buccal canal, accidental extrusion of 2.5% NaOCl occurred into the periapical tissues, resulting from misinterpretation of the working length, and caused severe pain and bleeding. The canal was immediately flushed using copious irrigation with saline solution. An analgesic and corticosteroid were prescribed. At 3 and 7 days, ecchymosis and slight hematoma were observed extraorally in the area of the affected tooth and an intraoral ulceration at the apex of the affected tooth. At 15 days, minimal signs of ecchymosis were observed, and the treatment was resumed. At 30 days after the accident, there was complete remission of the sequelae. The clinical, radiographic, and tomographic assessment after 1 month, 1 year, and 8 years showed favorable case evolution. During the 8-year follow-up, the patient maintained the systemic use of alendronate. It can be concluded that NaOCl extrusion is an accident that causes patients and clinicians to experience an unpleasant consequence. The radiographic working length should always be determined carefully. A successful outcome can be achieved in patients who take alendronate.

Insight into the Reaction of Alexidine with Sodium Hypochlorite: A Potential Error in Endodontic Treatment.

Therapeutic success in endodontic treatment depends on successful infection control. Alexidine dihydrochloride (ALX) was recently proposed as a potential alternative to 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as it possesses similar antimicrobial properties, expresses substantivity and does not produce p-chloroaniline (PCA) when mixed with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). However, the products released in this reaction have not been described to date. The aim of this study was to identify detected chemical compounds formed in the reaction of ALX and NaOCl with the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (UHPLC-MS) method and assess whether precipitates and PCA are formed in this reaction. Solutions of ALX were mixed with the equivalent volume of 2% and 5.25% (w/v) NaOCl solutions. As control, 2% (w/v) CHX was mixed with 2% and 5.25% (w/v) NaOCl. Samples were subjected to the UHPLC-MS analysis. The mixture of ALX and NaOCl resulted in a yellowish precipitate formation, the amount of which depended on NaOCl concentration. Interaction of ALX and NaOCl resulted in the production of aliphatic amines. No PCA was formed when NaOCl was mixed with ALX. However, for the first time, we identified the possible products of the interaction. The interaction between NaOCl and ALX results in the formation of aliphatic amines; therefore, these compounds should not be mixed during endodontic treatment.

Geospatial correlation between COVID-19 health misinformation and poisoning with household cleaners in the Greater Boston Area.

INTRODUCTION: Calls to poison control about exposure to household cleaners have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This dynamic may reflect increased exposure from public health efforts as well as health misinformation shared on social media. METHODS: We analyzed the dynamics of calls to the Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island (MARI PCC) and tweets discussing treating COVID-19 with house cleaners from January 20, 2020 to May 5, 2020. We obtained publicly available tweets discussing the use of household cleaners to "cure COVID" from the same time period with geographic co-ordinates indicating that they were emitted from the Greater Boston Area. RESULTS: Our main finding is that public health efforts were followed by a sustained increase in calls after March 15, 2020 (10 ± 2 calls per day before to 15 ± 2.5 after) while misinformation on social media was associated with intermittent spikes in calls. Overall, calls significantly increased during the study period by 34% as compared to the previous 8 years, mostly reporting unintentional ingestions with no serious effects. The daily volume of tweets and retweets was significantly correlated with daily call rates to MARI PCC for the surrounding 7-10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Health misinformation on social media about using household cleaning agents to treat COVID-19 and public health efforts lead to different dynamics in PCC calls. Public health efforts were followed by a sustained increase in calls after March 15, 2020 while misinformation on social media was followed by intermittent spikes in calls. This analysis is the first to link the geospatial dynamics of social media and public health interventions to poison center calls about exposure to household cleaners.

Sodium Hypochlorite Extrusion Accidents: Management and Medico-Legal Considerations.

Sodium hypochlorite is considered the most widely used irrigant in endodontics as it exhibits effective antimicrobial activity and has potent tissue-dissolving ability. Whilst it is considered safe when used within the confines of the root canal system, it can cause serious complications when inadvertent periradicular extrusion occurs. This article outlines the complications of sodium hypochlorite extrusion and reviews the appropriate management based on the contemporary evidence. Preventive measures are suggested and the relevant medico-legal considerations are outlined.

Impact of Pronase, Sodium Thiosulfate, and Methylene Blue Combinations on Development and Survival of Sodium Hypochlorite Surface-Disinfected Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos.

Embryo surface disinfection is utilized in aquaculture to decrease the risk of pathogen introduction into established colonies. Zebrafish embryos are commonly disinfected with unbuffered sodium hypochlorite at 25-50 ppm for 10 min with or without concurrent treatment with chemicals, including pronase (Pron), sodium thiosulfate, and/or methylene blue; however, the impact of these chemicals on embryo survival and development has not been evaluated. In this study, AB and casper embryos were exposed to disinfection protocols that used Pron, sodium thiosulfate, and/or methylene blue (given alone, in various combinations, or all three combined) with 50 and 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite performed 6 and 24 h postfertilization (HPF). All groups were evaluated for survival, hatching, and malformations at 5 days postfertilization. Maximal survival (69%-97%) and hatching rates (66%-94%) were generally observed with sodium hypochlorite disinfection followed by exposure to both Pron and sodium thiosulfate and maintenance in standard embryo medium without methylene blue. Methylene blue had variable effects on survival and hatching. Higher survival and hatching rates were seen in AB embryos disinfected at 6 HPF and casper embryos disinfected at 24 HPF. Susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite toxicity differed by strain, emphasizing the need to test disinfection protocols on small embryo cohorts.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fruit Peels Eco-Enzyme against Enterococcus Faecalis: An In Vitro Study.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), an effective endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis (EF), is harmful to periapical tissues. Natural pineapple-orange eco-enzymes (M-EE) and papaya eco-enzyme (P-EE) could be potential alternatives. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of M-EE and P-EE at different concentrations and fermentation periods against EF, compared to 2.5% NaOCl. Fermented M-EE and P-EE (3 and 6 months) at various concentrations were mixed with EF in a 96-well plate incubated for 24 h anaerobically. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of M-EE and P-EE were determined via EF growth observation. EF inhibition was quantitatively measured and compared between different irrigants using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and different fermentation periods using the independent-samples T-test. M-EE and P-EE showed MIC at 50% and MBC at 100% concentrations. There was no significant difference in antimicrobial effect when comparing M-EE and P-EE at 50% and 100% to 2.5% NaOCl. P-EE at 6 months fermentation exhibited higher EF inhibition compared to 3 months at concentrations of 25% (p = 0.017) and 0.78% (p = 0.009). The antimicrobial properties of M-EE and P-EE, at both 100% and 50% concentrations, are comparable to 2.5% NaOCl. They could therefore be potential alternative endodontic irrigants, but further studies are required.

Sodium hypochlorite accidents in dentistry. A systematic review of published case reports.

The aim of this paper was to analyze the literature published in the research related to sodium hypochlorite induced injury. An internet search using search engines (Google, Researchgate and PubMed) was carried out. The keywords used for search were sodium hypochlorite, injury, cellulitis, apical extrusion, ulcer, endodontics. Full text articles of the articles were collected from the year 2007 to 2017. The data available from the clinical trials the journal articles were analyzed and presented in both tabular and descriptive patterns.

Low-level laser therapy as adjunctive treatment for a sodium hypochlorite accident: a case report.

A 39-year-old woman sought specialized treatment complaining of a large, painful oral ulcer in the right buccal vestibule after receiving emergency endodontic treatment 3 days earlier. The patient reported that the tooth, the mandibular right first premolar, was not isolated with a rubber dam and that she felt the extrusion of a liquid in the buccal tissues. Clinically, a necrotic area with raised erythematous borders was observed in the mandibular right side. The clinical diagnosis was a chemically induced ulcer caused by a sodium hypochlorite accident. Dexamethasone and amoxicillin were prescribed to control pain and prevent secondary infection. The large size of the lesion was an indication for application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), which was delivered at a wavelength of 685 nm (output power, 30 mW; power density, 0.5 mW/cm2 ; energy density, 6 J/cm2 ) every 2 days for a total of 6 sessions. The LLLT was applied to the necrotic area with a punctual mode (2 points) for 12 seconds per point. The patient reported a substantial reduction in pain after the second application, and the wound was completely healed after 6 sessions. The results observed in this patient suggest that LLLT could aid patients in recovering from NaOCl-related lesions.